Chapter 3 Quality Control

Loading packages

library(XMAS2)
library(dplyr)
library(tibble)
library(phyloseq)

The taxonomic levels of spike-in sample’s bacteria is species. Firstly, using the summarize_taxa to get the species level phyloseq object and then do run_RefCheck under the optimal parameters.

3.1 spike-in sample (BRS)

  • get the BRS_ID
metaphlan2_ps_LOD_species <- aggregate_LOD_taxa(ps = metaphlan2_ps, 
                                                taxa_level = "Species", 
                                                cutoff = 1e-04)
metaphlan2_ps_LOD_species@sam_data
##      Group phynotype
## s1      BB      0.00
## s2      AA      2.50
## s3      BB      0.00
## s4      AA      1.25
## s5      AA     30.00
## s6      AA     15.00
## s7      BB      8.75
## s8      BB      0.00
## s9      BB      3.75
## s10     BB      2.50
## s11     BB     15.00
## s12     BB      2.50
## s13     BB      2.50
## s14     BB      0.00
## s15     BB      1.07
## s16     BB      2.50
## s17     AA      5.00
## s18     BB     35.00
## s19     BB      7.50
## s20     BB     15.00
## s21     AA      3.75
## s22     AA      3.75
## refE    QC        NA
  • run run_RefCheck2
run_RefCheck2(
    ps = metaphlan2_ps_LOD_species,
    BRS_ID = "refE",
    Ref_type = "MGS")
## Noting: the Reference Matrix is for MGS
## 
## ############Matched baterica of the BRS sample#############
## The number of BRS' bacteria matched the Reference Matrix is [15]
## s__Bifidobacterium_adolescentis
## s__Bifidobacterium_longum
## s__Bifidobacterium_pseudocatenulatum
## s__Collinsella_aerofaciens
## s__Bacteroides_ovatus
## s__Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron
## s__Bacteroides_uniformis
## s__Bacteroides_vulgatus
## s__Bacteroides_xylanisolvens
## s__Prevotella_copri
## s__Streptococcus_salivarius
## s__Coprococcus_comes
## s__Dorea_formicigenerans
## s__Roseburia_hominis
## s__Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii
## The number of bacteria unmatched the Reference Matrix is [11]
## s__Propionibacterium_acnes
## s__Bifidobacterium_bifidum
## s__Eggerthella_unclassified
## s__Bacteroides_fragilis
## s__Bacteroides_intestinalis
## s__Parabacteroides_goldsteinii
## s__Enterococcus_faecalis
## s__Enterococcus_faecium
## s__Lactobacillus_pentosus
## s__Lactobacillus_salivarius
## s__Escherichia_coli
## The number of the additional bacteria compared to the Reference Matrix is [45]
## ###########################################################
## 
## ##################Status of the BRS sample##################
## Whether the BRS has the all bateria of Reference Matrix: FALSE
## Correlation Coefficient of the BRS is: -0.1179
## Bray Curtis of the BRS is: 0.8761
## Impurity of the BRS is: 32.76
## ###########################################################
## #####Final Evaluation Results of the BRS #######
## The BRS of sequencing dataset didn't pass the cutoff of the Reference Matrix
## ###########################################################
## $Matrix
##                                       7682     7683     7684     7685     7842     7843     7844     7845     refE        mean
## Propionibacterium_acnes            0.28649  0.22355  0.32199  0.28276  0.37568  0.44201  0.41135  0.39489       NA  0.30430222
## Bifidobacterium_adolescentis       7.05611  6.28460  6.57297  6.25448  4.69357  4.80628  4.94943  4.84278  0.04649  5.05630111
## Bifidobacterium_bifidum            1.32803  1.19346  1.26883  1.05154  1.34640  1.40471  1.43721  1.48097       NA  1.16790556
## Bifidobacterium_longum            10.31832  9.25812  9.69184  7.76031 11.03311 11.61484 12.29030 11.69019  0.01646  9.29705444
## Bifidobacterium_pseudocatenulatum  6.89760  6.36177  7.39605  5.76804  6.19464  6.47094  7.41615  6.27837  0.15023  5.88153222
## Collinsella_aerofaciens            0.56189  0.53249  0.60476  0.47934  0.65513  0.68833  0.76063  0.66896  0.07251  0.55822667
## Eggerthella_unclassified           1.21416  1.06143  1.19122  0.85743  1.36030  1.48457  1.61204  1.50700       NA  1.14312778
## Bacteroides_fragilis               6.56752  7.19828  7.27658  7.31998  7.10174  6.70626  6.60219  6.11088       NA  6.09815889
## Bacteroides_intestinalis           0.09448  0.09550  0.10216  0.09326  0.08448  0.09556  0.08852  0.10469       NA  0.08429444
## Bacteroides_ovatus                 3.08552  3.27226  3.10904  3.24565  3.51376  3.50063  3.37872  3.42300  0.25782  2.97626667
## Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron       3.24207  3.31897  3.22418  3.43809  3.35611  3.38323  3.29098  3.30355  1.47422  3.11460000
## Bacteroides_uniformis              2.24271  2.24035  1.92015  2.18435  2.43230  2.38180  2.13830  2.41437  0.21061  2.01832667
## Bacteroides_vulgatus               3.06672  3.20369  3.14979  3.15352  3.24822  3.09280  3.13038  3.06113  2.14684  3.02812111
## Bacteroides_xylanisolvens          1.55687  1.84824  1.91166  1.85273  1.75220  1.74002  1.69811  1.67676  0.32466  1.59569444
## Parabacteroides_goldsteinii        5.92564  5.95499  6.04638  5.85282  6.85811  6.50800  6.35758  6.96646       NA  5.60777556
## Prevotella_copri                   2.03757  1.99619  1.92504  2.15422  1.57638  1.60584  1.57913  1.59224 60.84109  8.36752222
## Enterococcus_faecalis             11.46695 12.46200 11.92117 11.95884 13.71474 13.67805 13.21782 13.27297       NA 11.29917111
## Enterococcus_faecium               4.57147  4.64943  4.52463  4.76407  5.45590  5.17641  5.15276  5.24896       NA  4.39373667
## Lactobacillus_pentosus             0.75844  0.75524  0.72958  0.80796  0.91548  0.89940  0.81308  0.94831       NA  0.73638778
## Lactobacillus_salivarius           4.89005  5.18462  5.12745  7.79194  2.72469  2.25673  2.10356  2.02202       NA  3.56678444
## Streptococcus_salivarius           3.54220  3.74119  3.62036  4.01546  2.90216  2.70193  2.61760  2.57348  0.02846  2.86031556
## Coprococcus_comes                  2.28009  2.42978  2.25227  2.82904  1.21527  1.16485  1.07160  1.07834  0.01444  1.59285333
## Dorea_formicigenerans              4.83413  5.02149  5.18268  5.56891  3.34720  3.09877  3.08677  2.70732  0.02775  3.65278000
## Roseburia_hominis                  0.04384  0.04183  0.04107  0.02304  0.03853  0.03464  0.03532  0.03597  0.01307  0.03414556
## Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii       0.65572  0.60153  0.60112  0.62079  0.54147  0.55383  0.58806  0.54655  1.61939  0.70316222
## Escherichia_coli                   8.76957  8.33337  7.70416  8.11247 10.44118 10.33823  9.96261 11.06988       NA  8.30349667
## Impurity_level                     2.70584  2.73563  2.58287  1.75896  3.12125  4.17134  4.20980  4.97996 32.76000  6.55840556
##                                                                              Evaluation
## Propionibacterium_acnes           refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bifidobacterium_adolescentis      refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bifidobacterium_bifidum           refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bifidobacterium_longum            refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bifidobacterium_pseudocatenulatum refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Collinsella_aerofaciens           refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Eggerthella_unclassified          refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bacteroides_fragilis              refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bacteroides_intestinalis          refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bacteroides_ovatus                refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron      refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bacteroides_uniformis             refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bacteroides_vulgatus              refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Bacteroides_xylanisolvens         refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Parabacteroides_goldsteinii       refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Prevotella_copri                  refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Enterococcus_faecalis             refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Enterococcus_faecium              refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Lactobacillus_pentosus            refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Lactobacillus_salivarius          refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Streptococcus_salivarius          refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Coprococcus_comes                 refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Dorea_formicigenerans             refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Roseburia_hominis                 refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii      refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Escherichia_coli                  refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## Impurity_level                    refE didn't pass the threshold (2023-10-27 16:59:12).
## 
## $Assess
##          Gold_Cutoff     BRS
## Coef          0.8726 -0.1179
## Bray          0.2064  0.8761
## Impurity      6.4400 32.7600

3.2 Spike-in sample’s (BRS) remove

metaphlan2_ps_LOD_species_remove_BRS <- get_GroupPhyloseq(
                                           ps = metaphlan2_ps_LOD_species,
                                           group = "Group",
                                           group_names = "QC",
                                           discard = TRUE)
metaphlan2_ps_LOD_species_remove_BRS
## phyloseq-class experiment-level object
## otu_table()   OTU Table:         [ 192 taxa and 22 samples ]
## sample_data() Sample Data:       [ 22 samples by 2 sample variables ]
## tax_table()   Taxonomy Table:    [ 192 taxa by 7 taxonomic ranks ]

3.3 Systematic Information

devtools::session_info()
## ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  setting  value
##  version  R version 4.1.3 (2022-03-10)
##  os       macOS Monterey 12.2.1
##  system   x86_64, darwin17.0
##  ui       RStudio
##  language (EN)
##  collate  en_US.UTF-8
##  ctype    en_US.UTF-8
##  tz       Asia/Shanghai
##  date     2023-10-27
##  rstudio  2023.09.0+463 Desert Sunflower (desktop)
##  pandoc   3.1.1 @ /Applications/RStudio.app/Contents/Resources/app/quarto/bin/tools/ (via rmarkdown)
## 
## ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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##  leaps                  3.1       2020-01-16 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  libcoin                1.0-9     2021-09-27 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  lifecycle              1.0.3     2022-10-07 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  limma                  3.50.3    2022-04-07 [2] Bioconductor
##  locfit                 1.5-9.8   2023-06-11 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  LOCOM                  1.1       2022-08-05 [2] Github (yijuanhu/LOCOM@c181e0f)
##  lubridate              1.9.2     2023-02-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  magrittr             * 2.0.3     2022-03-30 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  MASS                   7.3-60    2023-05-04 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  Matrix                 1.6-0     2023-07-08 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  MatrixGenerics       * 1.6.0     2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  matrixStats          * 1.0.0     2023-06-02 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  mbzinb                 0.2       2022-03-16 [2] local
##  memoise                2.0.1     2021-11-26 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  metagenomeSeq          1.36.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  mgcv                   1.8-42    2023-03-02 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  microbiome             1.16.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  mime                   0.12      2021-09-28 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  miniUI                 0.1.1.1   2018-05-18 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  mixedCCA               1.6.2     2022-09-09 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  mnormt                 2.1.1     2022-09-26 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  modeltools             0.2-23    2020-03-05 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  multcomp               1.4-25    2023-06-20 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  multcompView           0.1-9     2023-04-09 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  multtest               2.50.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  munsell                0.5.0     2018-06-12 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  mvtnorm                1.2-2     2023-06-08 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  mycor                  0.1.1     2018-04-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  NADA                   1.6-1.1   2020-03-22 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  NetCoMi              * 1.0.3     2022-07-14 [2] Github (stefpeschel/NetCoMi@d4d80d3)
##  nlme                 * 3.1-162   2023-01-31 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  nnet                   7.3-19    2023-05-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  openssl                2.0.6     2023-03-09 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  pbapply                1.7-2     2023-06-27 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  pbivnorm               0.6.0     2015-01-23 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  pcaPP                  2.0-3     2022-10-24 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  permute              * 0.9-7     2022-01-27 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  pheatmap             * 1.0.12    2019-01-04 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  phyloseq             * 1.38.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  picante              * 1.8.2     2020-06-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  pillar                 1.9.0     2023-03-22 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  pkgbuild               1.4.2     2023-06-26 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  pkgconfig              2.0.3     2019-09-22 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  pkgload                1.3.2.1   2023-07-08 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  plyr                   1.8.8     2022-11-11 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  png                    0.1-8     2022-11-29 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  ppcor                  1.1       2015-12-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  preprocessCore         1.56.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  prettyunits            1.1.1     2020-01-24 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  processx               3.8.2     2023-06-30 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  profvis                0.3.8     2023-05-02 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  promises               1.2.0.1   2021-02-11 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  protoclust             1.6.4     2022-04-01 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  proxy                  0.4-27    2022-06-09 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  ps                     1.7.5     2023-04-18 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  pscl                   1.5.5.1   2023-05-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  psych                  2.3.6     2023-06-21 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  pulsar                 0.3.10    2023-01-26 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  purrr                * 1.0.1     2023-01-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  qgraph                 1.9.5     2023-05-16 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  quadprog               1.5-8     2019-11-20 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  qvalue                 2.26.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  R6                     2.5.1     2021-08-19 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  RAIDA                  1.0       2022-03-14 [2] local
##  rbibutils              2.2.13    2023-01-13 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  RColorBrewer         * 1.1-3     2022-04-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  Rcpp                 * 1.0.11    2023-07-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  RcppZiggurat           0.1.6     2020-10-20 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  RCurl                  1.98-1.12 2023-03-27 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  Rdpack                 2.4       2022-07-20 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  readr                * 2.1.4     2023-02-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  readxl               * 1.4.3     2023-07-06 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  remotes                2.4.2     2021-11-30 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  reshape2               1.4.4     2020-04-09 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  reticulate             1.30      2023-06-09 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  Rfast                  2.0.8     2023-07-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  rhdf5                  2.38.1    2022-03-10 [2] Bioconductor
##  rhdf5filters           1.6.0     2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  Rhdf5lib               1.16.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  rlang                  1.1.1     2023-04-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  rmarkdown              2.23      2023-07-01 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  robustbase             0.99-0    2023-06-16 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  rootSolve              1.8.2.3   2021-09-29 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  rpart                  4.1.19    2022-10-21 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  RSpectra               0.16-1    2022-04-24 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  RSQLite                2.3.1     2023-04-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  rstatix                0.7.2     2023-02-01 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  rstudioapi             0.15.0    2023-07-07 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  Rtsne                  0.16      2022-04-17 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  RVenn                  1.1.0     2019-07-18 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  rvest                  1.0.3     2022-08-19 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  S4Vectors            * 0.32.4    2022-03-29 [2] Bioconductor
##  sandwich               3.0-2     2022-06-15 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  sass                   0.4.6     2023-05-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  scales                 1.2.1     2022-08-20 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  scatterplot3d          0.3-44    2023-05-05 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  sessioninfo            1.2.2     2021-12-06 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  sf                     1.0-7     2022-03-07 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  shape                  1.4.6     2021-05-19 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  shiny                  1.7.4.1   2023-07-06 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  sjlabelled             1.2.0     2022-04-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  sjmisc                 2.8.9     2021-12-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  snow                   0.4-4     2021-10-27 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  SpiecEasi            * 1.1.2     2022-07-14 [2] Github (zdk123/SpiecEasi@c463727)
##  SPRING                 1.0.4     2022-08-03 [2] Github (GraceYoon/SPRING@3d641a4)
##  stringi                1.7.12    2023-01-11 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  stringr                1.5.0     2022-12-02 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  SummarizedExperiment * 1.24.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  survival               3.5-5     2023-03-12 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  svglite                2.1.1     2023-01-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  systemfonts            1.0.4     2022-02-11 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  tensorA                0.36.2    2020-11-19 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  TH.data                1.1-2     2023-04-17 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  tibble               * 3.2.1     2023-03-20 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  tidyr                * 1.3.0     2023-01-24 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  tidyselect             1.2.0     2022-10-10 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  timechange             0.2.0     2023-01-11 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  truncnorm              1.0-9     2023-03-20 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  tzdb                   0.4.0     2023-05-12 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  umap                   0.2.10.0  2023-02-01 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  units                  0.8-2     2023-04-27 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  urlchecker             1.0.1     2021-11-30 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  usethis              * 2.2.2     2023-07-06 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  utf8                   1.2.3     2023-01-31 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  uuid                   1.1-0     2022-04-19 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  vctrs                  0.6.3     2023-06-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  vegan                * 2.6-4     2022-10-11 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  VennDiagram          * 1.7.3     2022-04-12 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  VGAM                   1.1-8     2023-03-09 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  viridis              * 0.6.3     2023-05-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  viridisLite          * 0.4.2     2023-05-02 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  vroom                  1.6.3     2023-04-28 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  webshot                0.5.5     2023-06-26 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  WGCNA                  1.72-1    2023-01-18 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  withr                  2.5.0     2022-03-03 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  Wrench                 1.12.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  xfun                   0.40      2023-08-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  XMAS2                * 2.2.0     2023-10-27 [1] local
##  XML                    3.99-0.14 2023-03-19 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  xml2                   1.3.5     2023-07-06 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.3)
##  xtable                 1.8-4     2019-04-21 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  XVector                0.34.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  yaml                   2.3.7     2023-01-23 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  zCompositions          1.4.0-1   2022-03-26 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
##  zlibbioc               1.40.0    2021-10-26 [2] Bioconductor
##  zoo                    1.8-12    2023-04-13 [2] CRAN (R 4.1.2)
## 
##  [1] /Users/zouhua/Library/R/x86_64/4.1/library
##  [2] /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.1/Resources/library
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